ANTIM DASHAK KE HINDI UPANYASO ME
LOKTATVA
PREFACE
Change is the
eternal law of creation. The development of human society is a sign of change.
Along with the growth and developmental processes, change is continuous. Change
is a function of time and the social , economical, political and cultural
circumstances of country. These changing circumstances trigger a process of
change. In this transformational process, humans are moving further and further away
from nature. Scientific progress and
material resources have made humans consumerist. The machine era has brought
the entire world closer. In this process humans have sacrificed their
relationship with nature and lost human emotions and virtues. As long as humans
were close to nature, their lives were simple and natural. Pleasure and joy in their lives was at the fullest. Ease,
simplicity, naturalness became the hallmark of human lives, especially
of its folk community. But the worry is that the technology, capitalism, and
market forces have turned man away from these folk communities and folk
culture.
War and its
like aroused the spirit in mystic writers and drew their attention towards
cultural values which are considered essential the survival of human society. Literature, and
different modes of entertainment have preserved diversified popular culture of
folklore. Thanks to this, the folk community finds joy and exuberance again.
Literature and folk culture are inseparable. The works of
writer create public consciousness, pair and mix with the collective
consciousness of their surroundings and take various forms of expression in
literature. The study and relation of folklore dispels the miasma of false
sophistication, and pure air of spontaneity can be experienced with the power
of folklore and folk culture. Spontaneity is possible only when the soul is pure.
Any literary form in general is an expression of man’s tatva or nature
so literature can be defined as the verbal and written form of loktatv
Folk
epistemology provides foundation for the literature.
From the
primitive times to modern times Hindi literature has been rich with folk
consciousness. The beauty and charm of literature can be partly attributed to
the folklore. In fact the diction, grace, meaning beauty of folk literature has
taken literature to new heights. Undoubtedly, literature has been nurtured and
nourished through folklore. Folklore is the source of literature’s blooming
fragrance. Just as a plant receives its energy from the earth, literature has
received its strength and influence from folklore. An observation of actual
life style, culture, traditions etc of folk community offers the writer an
understanding of their lives and makes his depiction easier. 'Antim dashak ke Hindi upanyaso me lok tatva ' is a thesis submitted with a
genuine and original effort.
Chapter- 1— This chapter
focuses on the study of literature and folklore. The idea of the ‘folk’, its etymological origins, use and importance have been shown
in this chapter. Various Indian and Western writers’ thoughts are used to
clarify the relationship between literature and folklore. Role of folklore in
the process of literature, The characteristics and dimensions of
folklore are discussed n this chapter. Through different definitions and
concepts of the relationship between literature and folklore, it has showed how
the process of literature plays critical and major role in expressing
folklore.
Chapter - 2— This chapter
deals with the study of the novels From the 1960s to the 1990s with folklore as
the main subject. Various aspects of folklore like folk culture, folk
communities, and folk beliefs are studied deeply. And also efforts have been
made to understand the development of folklore.
Chapter – 3— A sincere
attempt has been made to read and analyze twenty famous / representative novels
of the last decade. Every novel is different in the subject but the characters
in the novels studied have the contemporary conditions and effects as their
focus. Through an
analysis of these novels it has been deduced and analyzed that folklore has
been the cornerstone of these novels.
Chapter - 4- The main outcome of this chapter is an
analysis of the Political, Social,
Economical, Religious and Educational
effects of these novels.
• In the
political perspective, the struggle for power, corruption,
elections and speeches, the criminalization of politics and the
politicization of crime, the failure of democracy, opposition to welfare and
communal policies, have all been highlighted.
• In the
relationship between men and women in the family and the broader social
context, individual life, moral life, metropolitan life, rural life and tribal
life, women’s
lives, and caste and class distinctions
have been studied.
• In the
economic context Dalit,
Adivasi, and Kisan
financial problems, natural calamities, unemployment, the migration to cities,
working class problems, poverty, etc. have been presented in
detail.
• The religious
perspective focused on religious harmony, religious crisis, corruption in
religious institutions.
• In the academic perspective, the
importance of education, the commercialization of education, the corruption in
the educational institutions and other problems were highlighted.
Chapter -5- This chapter
throws light on the foundation of cultural contexts as mentioned. That is,
marriage, devotion, fasting, rituals, festivals, customs, sacraments, manners,
culture and values, fairs at different occasions are vividly discussed.
Chapter -6—This chapter
discusses the blind faith people in such as black magic, unscrupulous godmen, medical materialism, and ghosts god - goddess.They
believe these traditional practices and beliefs will help them to overcome
problems.
Chapter - 7— This chapter
reflects on the emotional connections of people through folk songs folk
stories, and folk dances. Songs related to devotion and rituals, songs
describing the bravery of soldiers to bring out valour and patriotism are
studied. These songs celebrate
the seasons
and seasonal festivals. Apart from these, there are songs about riddles and
puzzles. Melancholic verses describing
the problems of women are found along with the folk stories of tribal’s.
• This chapter
also analyses different types of folk
stories concerning tribal women, demons, redemption, historical, kings and
their reigns, moralistic stories, mythological stories, gods and deities, etc.
• There are
different kinds of folk dances which are performed during festivals, rituals,
and during social gatherings. These dances were intended to unify people and
bring harmony and a feeling of fraternity. The folk dances differ by their
places of origin.
Chapter-8—The main outcomes of this chapter
are the analyses and descriptions of
various writing styles in the novels. Some examples of the styles described
are: Symbolist, Descriptive, Conversationalist, Analytical, Satirical, Psychological,
Vernacular, Poetic and Emotive, Imaginary, Flashback, Autobiographical, patratmak,
and Idioms and Proverbs.
I believe that this dissertation is
an original and valuable contribution to Hindi language and studies, and
deserves an award of Doctor of Philosophy.
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